Word Class Definition and Examples

Word Class Definition and Examples In English grammar, a word class is a set of words that display the same formal properties, especially their inflections and distribution. The term word class is similar to the more traditional term, part of speech. It is also variously called grammatical category, lexical category, and  syntactic category (although these terms are not wholly or universally synonymous). The two major families of word classes are lexical (or open or form) classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) and function (or closed or structure) classes (determiners, particles, prepositions, and others). Examples and Observations When linguists began to look closely at English grammatical structure in the 1940s and 1950s, they encountered so many problems of identification and definition that the term part of speech soon fell out of favor, word class being introduced instead. Word classes are equivalent to parts of speech, but defined according to strict linguistic criteria. (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003)There is no single correct way of analyzing words into word classes...Grammarians disagree about the boundaries between the word classes (see gradience), and it is not always clear whether to lump subcategories together or to split them. For example, in some grammars...pronouns are classed as nouns, whereas in other frameworks...they are treated as a separate word class. (Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, Edmund Weiner,  The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014) Form Classes and Structure Classes [The] distinction between lexical and grammatical meaning determines the first division in our classification: form-class words and structure-class words. In general, the form classes provide the primary lexical content; the structure classes explain the grammatical or structural relationship. Think of the form-class words as the bricks of the language and the structure words as the mortar that holds them together. The form classes also known as content words or open classes include: NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbs The structure classes, also known as function words or closed classes, include: DeterminersPronounsAuxiliariesConjunctionsQualifiersInterrogativesPrepositionsExpletivesParticles Probably the most striking difference between the form classes and the structure classes is characterized by their numbers. Of the half million or more words in our language, the structure words- with some notable exceptions- can be counted in the hundreds. The form classes, however, are large, open classes; new nouns and verbs and adjectives and adverbs regularly enter the language as new technology and new ideas require them. (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar. Allyn and Bacon, 1998) One Word, Multiple Classes Items may belong to more than one class. In most instances, we can only assign a word to a word class when we encounter it in context. Looks is a verb in It looks good, but a noun in She has good looks; that is a conjunction in I know that they are abroad, but a pronoun in I know that and a determiner in I know that man; one is a generic pronoun in One must be careful not to offend them, but a numeral in Give me one good reason. (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Suffixes as Signals We recognize the class of a word by its use in context. Some words have suffixes (endings added to words to form new words) that help to signal the class they belong to. These suffixes are not necessarily sufficient in themselves to identify the class of a word. For example, -ly is a typical suffix for adverbs (slowly, proudly), but we also find this suffix in adjectives: cowardly, homely, manly. And we can sometimes convert words from one class to another even though they have suffixes that are typical of their original class: an engineer, to engineer; a negative response, a negative. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2009) A Matter of Degree [N]ot all the members of a class will necessarily have all the identifying properties. Membership in a particular class is really a matter of degree. In this regard, grammar is not so different from the real world. There are prototypical sports like football and not so sporty sports like darts. There are exemplary mammals like dogs and freakish ones like the platypus. Similarly, there are good examples of verbs like watch and lousy examples like beware; exemplary nouns like chair that display all the features of a typical noun and some not so good ones like Kenny. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010)

Creating Effective Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

Creating Effective Fill-in-the-Blank Questions Teachers are faced with writing objective tests and quizzes throughout the year. The main types of objective questions that teachers typically choose to include are multiple choice, matching, true-false, and fill-in-the-blank. Most teachers attempt to get a mix of these types of questions in order to best cover the objectives that were part of the lesson plan. Fill-in-the-blank questions are a common type of question due to their ease of creation and usefulness in classes across the curriculum. They are considered an objective question because there is only one possible answer that is correct. Questions Stems: who (is, was)what (is)when (did)where (did) These stems are typically used to measure a wide variety of relatively simple skills and specific knowledge. These include the: Knowledge of termsKnowledge of principles, methods, or proceduresKnowledge of specific factsSimple interpretation of data There are a number of advantages to fill-in-the-blank questions. They provide an excellent means for measuring specific knowledge, they reduce guessing by the students, and they force the student to supply the answer. In other words, teachers can get a real feel for what their students actually know. These questions work well across a variety of classes. Following are a few examples: Math teachers use these questions when they want the student to provide the answer without showing their work. Example: : The atomic number of Oxygen is _____.Language Arts teachers can use these questions to identify quotes, characters, and other basic concepts. Example: I am the Canterbury Tales pilgrim who was married five times. _____.Foreign language teachers find these types of questions useful because they allow the teacher to judge not only the students understanding of a particular word but also how it should be written. Example: Jai _____ (hungry). Constructing Excellent Fill-In-The-Blank Questions Fill-in-the-blank questions seem quite easy to create. With these types of questions, you do not have to come up with answer choices as you do for multiple choice questions. However, even though they appear to be easy, realize that there are a number of issues that might arise when creating these types of questions. Following are some tips and suggestions that you can use as you write these questions for your class assessments. Only use fill-in-the-blank questions for testing major points, not specific details.Indicate the units and degree of precision expected. For example, on a math question whose answer is a number of decimal places, make sure that you say how many decimal places you want the student to include.Omit only keywords.Avoid too many blanks in one item. It is best to only have one or two blanks for students to fill in per question.When possible, put blanks near the end of the item.Do not provide clues by adjusting the length of the blank or the number of blanks. When you have finished constructing the assessment, be sure to take the assessment yourself. That will help you be certain that each question has only one possible answer. This is a common mistake that often leads to extra work on your part. Limitations of Fill-In-The-Blank Questions There are a number of limitations that teachers should understand when using fill-in-the-blank questions: They are poor for measuring complex learning tasks. Instead, they are typically used for general knowledge questions on the lowest levels of Blooms Taxonomy.They must be written very specifically and carefully (as with all items).A word bank can provide accurate information just as well as an assessment without a word bank.Students who are poor spellers might experience problems. It is important for you to decide if that spelling is going to count against the student and if so for how many points. Student Strategies for Answering Fill-in-the-Blank Do not answer a question until you have read it all the way through.Always do the easiest and most obvious questions first.Pay attention to the language of the question (verb tense) as a cluePay attention to a word bank (if one is provided) and use the process of eliminationRead through after each answer to make sure it sounds right.

Business Law and Ethics Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law and Ethics Final - Essay Example Treating workers fairly and equally is important. Making them feel that they are fairly treated is even more vital. Perhaps, the freedom for employees, and by extension, for Americans is the greatest contributing force towards the continued country’s prosperity and development. Indeed, our very founding can be traced back on the yearning of equality and freedom. As the economy continues to soar, the labor force and working patterns are also constantly changing. Besides, more enterprises are becoming multinational, and, as a result, more Americans are working abroad. In the light of this, the discussion in this paper explores more on the principles of freedom and equality. As a prelude to the understanding on how the principles of freedom and equality have been applied in American companies in overseas, it is critical to define some of the major terms that constantly feature in the paper. By definition, the term freedom refers to the power to think or act without restraint or hindrance (Pollock, 2003). It stems from the word free, which means not been under the control of anyone or been able to act as one wish. However, one peculiar definition of this term is that freedom is never free. Basically, this means that freedom comes at a cost. For instance, in colonial days, people fought for freedom. On the other hand, equality ensures that individuals (workers) are treated fairly without any discrimination on the basis of sex, race, gender, religion, age, or disability. Harassment, victimization, and bullying are considered as diversity and equality issues (Callinicos, 2000). Freedom is the foundation of our society. In the workplace, giving workers the chance to voice their objectives can be a solid move towards attracting and retaining top talents. Managers should value employee’s freedom and flexibility in the workplace. Freedom in the

CIS 375 Week 2 Assingment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CIS 375 Week 2 Assingment - Assignment Example The section below provides a comparison between the metaphors used in the two interfaces. Metaphors are a basis for the interaction and communication between the user and the computer. According to Carroll, Mack, & Kellogg (2007), applications utilizing menu driven screen have metaphors such as mouse pointers and cursors to indicate the motion of the mouse on the screen. This metaphor has been replaced all together on the multi-touch screen interface. The mouse driven interfaces are operated by dragging the cursor on the screen and effecting commands by clicking. Underling concepts of the application are presented in form of icons for a user to understand. Both the mouse driven and multi-touch screens use icons to represent underlying application concepts (Carroll et al, 2007). For instance the recycle bin is used to represent deleted items. Mouse driven screen interface uses the desktop metaphor which is a unifying concept that helps users to easily use a computer. The desktop metaphor treats the computer monitor as the user’s interaction point. Here, objects such as documents, files, folders and other accessories are placed. On the other hand the multi-touch screens use the home metaphor where all applications can be accessed by the user. In other applications that use both the mouse driven and multi touch screens both the home screen and the desktop metaphors can be used (Carroll et al, 2007). Multi-touch screens allow moving layered views to allow the user to view content beneath them; the screen also uses swiping as a way of viewing different windows. Additionally, the interface uses the dragging, flicking and swiping objects on the screen. This is common when playing games and performing other basic tasks (Carroll et al, 2007). The mouse driven screen will perform this tasks using the minimizing and maximizing option on the window. This interface also utilizes the dragging metaphor for movement of objects on

The Causes of Prohibition Essay Example for Free

The Causes of Prohibition Essay When federal prohibition was introduced in America with the 18th Amendment to the constitution in 1919 and the Volstead Act in 1920, it was often termed ‘The Nobel Experiment’. It didn’t take long for most people to recognise that the experiment had gone terribly wrong and that it was fostering what it was supposed to eradicate, crime, excess and corruption. But the question is why it was introduced in America in 1920 and to understand this issue, one has to look at the groups that campaigned against the American drinking culture, such as the Anti-Saloon League, as well as the general situation and the public opinion in America, including the fear of immigration. One of the groups that campaigned against alcoholic drinks in America were business executives. Including names as important as Ford and Rockefeller, they believed that alcohol undermined workers’ discipline and productivity and they even invested in scientific research in order to prove the negative effects of alcohol on the body’s health. Thus, they feared that drinks impeded profits and prosperity, which even led some employers to form the American Anti-Saloon League, which actively supported prohibition. Moreover other groups, such as soda manufacturers and tea merchants, tended to support prohibition as they hoped for increased sales as a result of people not being able to obtain alcohol. Therefore the business executives contributed to the federal prohibition by campaigning against it and they were heard as they were significant in order to keep the American economy going. Furthermore there was a great deal of political opposition to alcohol in America. The majority of supporters of the Republican Party were from rural small town America and they were traditionally anti-drink, which meant that the Republicans supported prohibition in order to keep their voters happy. But both Parties had members that saw alcohol as an obstacle to improving society. Moreover the Senate was biased towards rural America, which supported prohibition and from 1917 onwards all Senators had to be publically elected, which made them more inclined to follow public opinion. This helped prohibition as public opinion tended to support it. Thus the political opposition was the most significant reason for prohibition, especially as the Republican Party, which was in power at the time tended to support prohibition. Furthermore Protestants campaigned for prohibition and against drunkenness and violence. Particularly with the revival of protestant fundamentalism and extreme groups, like the Ku Klux Klan, in many areas particularly the rural and small town ones alcohol was blamed for morally corrupting the nation. They saw the drinking culture as the main reason for problems, such as crime, poverty and prostitution. These groups were large and often very influential, e. g. the Indiana Klan, which was a branch of the KKK, controlled large parts of the local government in Indiana. This meant that the revival and ideologies of protestant fundamentalism were a major reason for the federal prohibition. Additionally many women and feminists in particular blamed drinks for domestic abuse, family poverty and deprivation. They formed groups like the Women’s temperance league and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, which campaigned against it and they were taken more seriously than ever after the female suffrage had been introduced in 1919. They also contributed to the establishment of prohibition by actually supporting pro-prohibition candidates. This makes them an important group to consider when looking at the reasons for the introduction of prohibition in 1920, however not as influential as other groups seeing that many women still opposed prohibition. Another reason for the introduction of prohibition was the issue of immigration and race. Many Americans and WASPs in particular associated immigrants with the drinking culture, especially the Irish and immigrants from the South, like Italians. This made them support prohibition as they feared that immigration would have negative economic effects and that immigrants would import revolutionary ideas, such as communism. Also Southern landowners wanted to prevent black labourers from getting distracted by drinks. And in addition eugenics became popular in US in the 1920s and their idea was that alcoholic genes could be passed down to the next generation, thus weakening the American race. Finally the situation after World War I created the perfect environment for such a radical change introduced on a federal level. Government interventionism and limiting the people’s freedom seemed more acceptable as there had been many restrictions. This meant that prohibition on a federal level would have probably been seen as too interventionist a measure, if it had been proposed at a different time making the First World War a necessary condition for the introduction of prohibition. Therefore the reason for the introduction of federal prohibition in America in 1920 was the fact that on the one hand there was a wide range of groups campaigning for temperance and against alcohol, the most important being business executives and politicians. On the other hand it being introduced directly after the First World War was also essential as it created the environment and the mindset necessary to introduce Federal Prohibition.

moving away Essay -- essays research papers

Moving Away   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moving away from all of your best friends can be a real tragedy in a sixteen-year-old teenagers life. It’s hard to get up and go eight hundred miles away from everyone you know and everything you grew up around. I had this happen to me about three years ago and it is the largest change I have ever had to adjust to in my life. It wasn’t the changes around me that I was bothered by; it was that I did not know one living soul for hundreds of miles and all I wanted was a friend.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two days into the summer after sophomore year at Governor Mifflin High School in the little town of Shillington Pennsylvania I would find out the worse news that a sixteen year old could hear. I found out that in four days my family and I would be moving to a suburb outside of Chicago because of my dads recent job change. I was devastated, I ran to my room and cried for about an hour with thoughts of all my friends running through my head. It was like all the memories I had with all my friends were going through my head at the same time. It was beyond doubt one of the biggest challenges of my life. During the last few days I was there I went out with my friends every night having as much fun as I could have, but moving day spoiled all the fun I had. Moving day had come, but I wasn’t ready to go anywhere. I just couldn’t accept leaving all I know behind and moving to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &nbs...

What if everyone was smart?

What if the world we lived in was perfect? As long as I live doubt the world we live would get perfect. Things that would make up is if everyone was wealthy, they had perfect knowledge, and if they have the same style. If everyone was wealthy the following would happen. Good things about being everyone being wealthy would be know one would be homeless and could live comfortably and not have to worry about bills or gas money. Everyone can afford anything they want.It would be easy for everyone to purport there families no matter how large. The bad things about everyone being wealthy would be criminals could spend money on things that would mess up the world. There would be too much trash for the earth to even contain. Also there would be know point to people even working since everyone's rich. If everyone were rich it would be both good and bad for the world. There would basically be no point of there even being school. If everyone was smart this would happen.The good things are roden ts made by companies would have no error to it and would always work correctly. Another good thing would be. Know one would be confused about anything so there would be know need to look things up at the library or on the web. Also having perfect knowledge would help anyone in life or death situations. The bad things about everyone being smart would be this. Criminal would be as smart as police officers. Knowing everyone would make everything seem pointless. There would be no point in learning things. There are many dumb people in the world we live in now.But if the everyone was smart the would be a much better place to live in. Have you ever said to yourself what if everyone had the same style? If they did know would make fun of the way you dress. Everyone would compliment you on what you wear. You would also be able to fit in with your friends easily. The bad things about this people will eventually get tired of seeing people wear the same thing. You will continue to have a conver sation about the same topic over and over again. Every,Inhere you everyone around you would act and dress similar which can get weird fast.A perfect world have people with same style. However it would be weird seeing someone dress and act like you. A perfect world would be one with everyone being wealthy, smart, and having the same style. Imagine waking up in a 15 bedroom mansion and enough money to feed 15 countries. How bout being able to know everything thing there is to know about life. Last but not least what if know one made fun of you because everyone has the same style. Doesn't living in a perfect world sound great. The problem is know one would know how it is to live in one.

When The Urinary System Fails Health And Social Care Essay

Normal riddance of urinary or nephritic wastes is a basic map that most people take for granted ( Potter & A ; Perry, 2004 ) . When the urinary system fails to work decently, virtually all organ systems will be finally affected. For this ground, intercessions designed to battle nephritic troubles and failures are of paramount importance in my arrangement which is in the nephritic ward. As a nurse in the nephritic ward, understanding and a sensitiveness to all clients ‘ demands are of import. For this paper, a specific clinical scenario that normally happens in the nephritic ward is chosen. This status is urinary tract infection as a consequence of the catheterisation. The ground for taking this clinical status is that this is really common yet if left untreated can present serious injury to the patient. Body Urinary piece of land infections or more normally referred to as UTIs are responsible for more than 7 million physician visits a twelvemonth and are the most common hospital-acquired ( nosocomial ) infections in many states worldwide ( Foxman, 2002 ) . Many instances of urinary piece of land infections result from catheterisation or surgical use. Although several different micro-organisms may do this status, Escherichia coli remains the most common causative pathogen, responsible for 80 % of unsophisticated infections. Bacteria in the piss or bacteriuria may take to the spread of beings into the kidneys and blood stream, taking to urosepsis ( O'Donnell & A ; Hofmann, 2002 ) . Microorganisms most normally enter the urinary piece of land through the go uping urethral path. Bacteria inhabit the distal urethra, external genital organ, and vagina in adult females. Organisms enter the urethral meatus easy and go up the inner mucosal run alonging to the vesica. Womans are more susceptible to infection because of the propinquity of the anus to the urethral meatus and because if the short urethra ( Potter & A ; Perry, 2004 ) . Catheter interpolation is the primary hazard factor for nosocomial urinary piece of land infections. Womans and aged patients are at increased hazard for catheter-associated urinary piece of land infections, but several other hazard factors exist. Pre-existing chronic unwellness, malnutrition, diabetes, nephritic inadequacy, and interpolation of the catheter outside the operating room or late in hospitalization are each associated with increased hazard of urinary piece of land infections ( Crosby, 2005 ) . In work forces, prostate secernment s that contain an antibacterial substance and the length of the urethra cut down the susceptiblenesss to urinary piece of land infections. Older grownups and patients with progressive implicit in disease or decreased unsusceptibility are besides at increased hazard. In a healthy individual with a good vesica map, beings are flushed out during invalidating. Residual piss in the vesica becomes more alkalic and is an ideal site for micro-organism growing. Any intervention with the free flow of urine can do infection. a kinked, obstructed, or clamped catheter and any status ensuing in urinary keeping addition the hazard of a vesica infection. In the infirmary scene, urinary piece of land infections occur as a consequence of catheterisation. Each twelvemonth, urinary catheters are inserted in more than 5 million patients in acute-care infirmaries and extended-care installations. Urinary piece of land infections are the 2nd most common nosocomial infections in infirmaries in Europe and the first in the United States ( Martin, 2001 ) . Catheter-associated urinary piece of land infection ( CAUTI ) is the most common nosocomial infection in infirmaries and nursing places, consisting [ is greater than ] 40 % of all institutionally acquired infections. Nosocomial bacteriuria or candiduria develops in up to 25 % of patients necessitating a urinary catheter for [ is greater than or equal to ] 7 yearss, with a day-to-day hazard of 5 % . CAUTI is the 2nd most common cause of nosocomial blood stream infection, and surveies by Platt et Al. and Kunin et Al. suggest that nosocomial CAUTIs are associated with well increased institutional decease rates, unrelated to the happening of urosepsis ( Tambyah, 2001 ) . For centuries, the urethral catheter system consisted of a tubing inserted through the urethra into the vesica and drained into an unfastened container. The closed catheter system was developed in the 1950s and is still in usage today ( Zweig, 2000 ) . UTIs are the most common nosocomial infection, accounting for 40 % of all hospital-reported infections and impacting about 600,000 patients yearly. Catheter interpolation is the primary hazard factor for nosocomial UTIs. Women and aged patients are at increased hazard for catheter-associated UTIs, but several other hazard factors exist. Pre-existing chronic unwellness, malnutrition, diabetes, nephritic inadequacy, and interpolation of the catheter outside the operating room or late in hospitalization are each associated with increased hazard of UTIs. UTIs besides add to the costs of attention by protracting hospitalization by 1 to 4 yearss and increasing the direct costs of intervention by an estimated $ 593 to $ 680 per infection ( Crosby, 2005 ) . They may affect a urosepsis, which carries a mortality rate that may be every bit high as 25 to 60 % . They frequently occur in patients with an indwelling urinary catheter. The lms and external surfaces of the catheter are the paths for bacterial entry into the vesica. For forestalling infection, the care of a closed unfertile drainage system is described as the most successful method. A closed drainage system was described for the first clip in 1928, and its benefit was appreciated much later ( Martin, 2001 ) . Excluding rare hematogenously derived pyelonephritis, caused about entirely by Staphylococcus aureus, most micro-organisms doing endemic CAUTI derive from the patient ‘s ain colonic and perineal vegetations or from the custodies of health-care forces during catheter interpolation or use of the aggregation system. Organisms addition entree in one of two ways. Extraluminal taint may happen early, by direct vaccination when the catheter is inserted, or subsequently, by beings go uping from the perineum by capillary action in the thin mucose movie immediate to the external catheter surface. Intraluminal taint occurs by reflux of micro-organisms deriving entree to the catheter lms from failure of closed drainage or taint of piss in the aggregation bag ( Tambyah, 2001 ) Catheterization of the vesica involves presenting a gum elastic or plastic tubing through the urethra and into the vesica. The catheter provides a uninterrupted flow of urine in patients who are unable to command urination or those with obstructors. It besides provides a agency of measuring urine end product in hemodynamically unstable clients. Because vesica catheterisation carries the hazard of urinary piece of land infections, obstruction, and injury to the urethra, it is preferred to trust on other steps for either specimen aggregation or direction of incontinency ( Potter & A ; Perry, 2004 ) . The usage of urinary catheters should be avoided whenever possible. Clean intermittent catheterisation, when practical, is preferred to long- term catheterisation. Suprapubic catheters offer some advantages, and rubber catheters may be appropriate for some work forces. While clean handling of catheters is of import, everyday perineal cleansing and catheter irrigation or altering are uneffective in extinguishing bacteriuria. Bacteriuria is inevitable in patients necessitating long-run catheterisation, but merely diagnostic infections should be treated. Infections are normally polymicrobial, and earnestly sick patients require therapy with two antibiotics. Patients with spinal cord hurts and those utilizing catheters for more than 10 old ages are at greater hazard of vesica malignant neoplastic disease and nephritic complications ; periodic nephritic scans, urine cytology and cystoscopy may be indicated in these patients ( Zweig, 2000 ) . Recommendations Build up of secernments or incrustation at the catheter interpolation site is a beginning of annoyance and possible infection. The nurses, in order to avoid such a state of affairs, must supply perineal attention and hygiene at least twice daily or as needed for a patient with a keeping catheter. Soap and H2O are effectual in cut downing the figure of beings around the urethra. The nurse must non by chance progress the catheter up into the vesica during cleansing or hazard presenting bacteriums. In add-on to routine perineal attention and hygiene, many establishments recommend that clients with catheters receive particular attention at least three times a twenty-four hours and after laxation or intestine incontinency to assist minimise uncomfortableness and infection. Keeping a closed urinary drainage system is of import in infection control. A interruption in the system can take to debut of micro-organisms. Sites at hazard are the site of catheter interpolation, the drainage bag, the tap, the tubing junction, and the junction of the tubing and the bag. In add-on, the nurse has the duty to supervise the patency of the system to forestall pooling of piss within the tube. Urine in the drainage bag is an first-class medium for micro-organism growing. Bacterias can go up drainage tubing to turn in pools of piss. If this piss flows back to the patient ‘s vesica, an infection will probably develop. Suggestions for ways to forestall infections in catheterized patients are the undermentioned: Follow good manus hygiene techniques. Make non let the tap on the drainage system to touch a contaminated surface. Merely usage unfertile technique to roll up specimens from a closed drainage system. If the drainage tubing becomes disconnected, do non touch the terminals of the catheter or tube. Wipe the terminal of the tube and catheter with an antimicrobic solution before reconnecting. Ensure that each client has a separate receptacle for mensurating piss to forestall cross taint. Prevent pooling of piss in the tube and reflux of piss into the vesica. Avoid raising the drainage bag above the degree of the vesica. If it becomes necessary to raise the bag during transportation of a patient to a bed or stretcher, clamp the tube or empty the tube contents to the drainage bag foremost. Provide for drainage of piss from the tubing to the bag by positioning the tube. Empty the drainage bag at least every 8 hours. If big end products are noted, empty more often. Promote unstable consumption, if it is non contraindicated. Inclusion of cranberry juice has been shown to diminish the attachment of bacteriums to the vesica wall and to catheter lms. Remove the catheter every bit shortly as clinically warranted. Tape or procure the catheter suitably for the patient. Perform everyday perineal hygiene per bureau policy and after laxation R intestine incontinency. Good wellness depends in portion on a safe environment. Practices or techniques that control or prevent transmittal of infection aid to protect persons, particularly patients and wellness attention workers from disease. Patients in all wellness attention scenes are at hazard for geting infections because of lower opposition to infective micro-organisms, increased exposure to Numberss and types of disease-causing micro-organisms, and invasive processs. In acute attention or ambulatory attention installations, patients can be exposed to pathogens, some of which may be resistant to most antibiotics. By practising infection bar and control techniques, wellness attention workers can avoid distributing micro-organisms to patients and fellow wellness attention workers. In all scenes, the patients and their households must be able to acknowledge beginning of infections and be able to establish protective steps. Patient learning should include information refering infections, manners of transmittal, and methods of bar. The first major progress for forestalling CAUTI since the wide-scale acceptance of closed drainage 35 old ages ago is the development of catheters with antiinfective surfaces. These progresss should non be considered the concluding reply, nevertheless. Other engineerings that should be pursued include new, more powerful antiinfective stuffs ; microbe-impervious antireflux valves ; urethral stents ; conformable ( collapsable ) urethral catheters ; and vaccinums for enteral Gram-negative B and staphylococcus. Antiseptics are far more likely than bactericides to confabulate greater opposition to come up colonisation and non to choose for infection with antimicrobial-drug immune bacteriums or barms. New surface engineerings that release far greater measures of ionic Ag or other antiinfective agents into the aqueous environment immediate to the catheter surface might even forestall CAUTIs caused by intraluminal contaminations ( Tambyah, 2001 ) . Prevention of catheter-associated UTIs is more effectual, peculiarly for indwelling catheters, than trusting entirely on antimicrobic agents. ( 8 ) The most effectual pattern intercessions for cut downing catheter-associated UTIs include placing patients who no longer necessitate indwelling catheters, sing other catheterisation options or options to catheterisation, and supplying patient and health professional instruction when long-run indwelling catheterisation is needed ( Crosby, 2005 ) . Reducing the clip a patient is catheterized can be accomplished by systematic reminders to reexamine the continuance of catheterisation for each patient. In add-on to pattern intercession, the pick of catheters and related equipment can besides cut down UTIs well. Other methods of catheterisation should he considered before infixing an indwelling catheter. Catheterization options are based on the ground for catheterisation and the expected continuance of demand. Other options include condom catheters for males, suprapubic catheters for patients who require long-run indwelling drainage, and intermittent catheterisation for patients with spinal cord hurts. Patients who must utilize an indwelling catheter should hold a closed catheter system with a little catheter. Manufacturer ‘s recommendations for rising prices and deflation, system care, procuring the catheter, and decently positioning the drainage bag below the patient ‘s vesica should be followed. Preventing incrustati on and obstruction are besides really of import. Following these stairss and decently keeping closed drainage catheter systems has been shown to well cut down the hazard for UTI ( Crosby, 2005 ) . Summary and Conclusion Patient safety should be the figure one concern before, during and after each process in any infirmary. A elaborate cognition of the epidemiology, based on equal surveillance methodological analysiss, is necessary to understand the pathophysiology and the principle of preventative schemes that have been demonstrated to be effectual. In my country of work which is in the nephritic ward, the rules of general preventative steps such as the execution of criterion and isolation safeguards should be reviewed. Urinary catheterisation can do many wellness jobs. Options to catheterisation should be used whenever possible. Decrease of catheter-associated UTIs is based chiefly on preventative infection control patterns. The success of the nurse who patterns infection-control techniques is measured by finding whether the ends for cut downing or forestalling infection are achieved. A comparing of the patient ‘s response, such as absence of febrility or development of lesion drainage, with expected results determines the success of nursing intercessions.

Free Essays on Strom Thurmond

Introduction Senator Strom Thurmond was the oldest and longest serving member of the United States Senate despite unpopular opinions. Ole’ Strom (McWhorter, Diane http://slate.msn.com/id/2085087) fought relentlessly, making history time and time again for what he believed best served those who elected him for â€Å"forty seven years and five months† cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/06/26/thurmond.obit/. He was a man known for his sexual harassment tendencies, segregationist’s views, and his inability to lead South Carolina out from the racial bias that envelops us. The fact the he remained in the Senate for so long â€Å"says much about the racial chasm that still afflicts American society. It also says something about the voters of South Carolina† (Ibbitson, John commondreams.org/views02/0107-04.htm). By March 30th 1869, ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that all people regardless of race, creed, or color, â€Å"shall n ot be denied or abridged† the right to vote (nps.gov/malu/documents/amend15.htm). Then how is it that we, the American People, can allow one man to remain in a Senate seat for nearly a half a century with such conflict-ridden social tendencies. Body Most people know Strom Thurmond as the oldest, longest reigning Senator, however, very few people know the man behind the office. James Strom Thurmond was born at the turn of the century, in the segregated south, on December 05, 1902. After graduating from Clemson College in 1923, he became a teacher and quickly rose to the job of county school superintendent. He did not go straight into politics. He studied law with his father, and in 1930, was admitted to the South Carolina bar (Clymer, Adam. The New York Times Co). After being elected Eleventh Circuit judgeship in 1933, he was awarded the opportunity to become known statewide and broaden his political contacts (www.strom.clemson.edu... Free Essays on Strom Thurmond Free Essays on Strom Thurmond Introduction Senator Strom Thurmond was the oldest and longest serving member of the United States Senate despite unpopular opinions. Ole’ Strom (McWhorter, Diane http://slate.msn.com/id/2085087) fought relentlessly, making history time and time again for what he believed best served those who elected him for â€Å"forty seven years and five months† cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/06/26/thurmond.obit/. He was a man known for his sexual harassment tendencies, segregationist’s views, and his inability to lead South Carolina out from the racial bias that envelops us. The fact the he remained in the Senate for so long â€Å"says much about the racial chasm that still afflicts American society. It also says something about the voters of South Carolina† (Ibbitson, John commondreams.org/views02/0107-04.htm). By March 30th 1869, ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that all people regardless of race, creed, or color, â€Å"shall n ot be denied or abridged† the right to vote (nps.gov/malu/documents/amend15.htm). Then how is it that we, the American People, can allow one man to remain in a Senate seat for nearly a half a century with such conflict-ridden social tendencies. Body Most people know Strom Thurmond as the oldest, longest reigning Senator, however, very few people know the man behind the office. James Strom Thurmond was born at the turn of the century, in the segregated south, on December 05, 1902. After graduating from Clemson College in 1923, he became a teacher and quickly rose to the job of county school superintendent. He did not go straight into politics. He studied law with his father, and in 1930, was admitted to the South Carolina bar (Clymer, Adam. The New York Times Co). After being elected Eleventh Circuit judgeship in 1933, he was awarded the opportunity to become known statewide and broaden his political contacts (www.strom.clemson.edu...

Balustrades, Balusters, and How to Preserve Them

Balustrades, Balusters, and How to Preserve Them A baluster has come to be known as any vertical brace (often a decorative post) between an upper and lower horizontal railing. The purposes of the baluster  (pronounced BAL-us-ter) include safety, support, and beauty. Staircases and porches often have rails of balusters called balustrades.   A balustrade is a row of repeating balusters, similar to a colonnade being a row of columns. What we call a balustrade today is historically a decorative extension of the Classical Greek colonnade on a smaller scale. The invention of the balustrade is generally thought to be a feature of Renaissance architecture. One example is the balustrade of the 16th century Basilica St. Peters at the Vatican. Todays balusters are constructed of wood, stone, concrete, plaster, cast iron or other metal, glass, and plastics. Balusters can be rectangular or turned (i.e., shaped on a lathe). Today any decorative patterned grille or cutout (patterned after the Roman lattice) between railings are referred to as balusters. Balusters as architectural details are found in homes, mansions, and public buildings, inside and outside. The Baluster Shape: Balustrade (pronounced BAL-us-trade) has come to mean any series of vertical bracings between rails, including spindles and simple posts. The word itself reveals a certain design intention. Baluster is really a shape, coming from the Greek and Latin words for a wild pomegranate flower. Pomegranates are ancient fruits indigenous to the Mediterranean, Middle East, India, and Asia, which is why you find the baluster shape in these areas of the world. Having hundreds of seeds, pomegranates also have long been symbols of fertility, so when ancient civilizations decorated their architecture with objects from nature (e.g., the top of a Corinthian column is decorated with acanthus leaves), the shapely baluster was a good decorative choice. What we call the baluster shape was depicted in pottery and jugs and wall carving in many parts of the world from the earliest civilizations- the potters wheel was invented around 3,500 BC, so wheel-turned shapely water jugs and baluster vases were more easily produced- but the baluster was not used in architecture until thousands of years later, during the Renaissance. After the Middle Ages, from roughly 1300 until 1600, a new interest in Classical design was reborn, including the baluster design. Architects like Vignola, Michelangelo, and Palladio incorporated the baluster design into Renaissance architecture, and today balusters and balustrades are considered the architectural detail itself. In fact, our common word banister is a corruption or mispronunciation of baluster. Preservation of Balustrades: Exterior balustrades are obviously more susceptible to decay and deterioration than interior balustrades. Proper design, manufacturing, installation, and regular maintenance are keys to their preservation. The US General Services Administration (GSA) defines balustrade by its components, consisting of the handrail, footrail and balusters. The handrail and footrail are joined at the ends to a column or post.   The balusters are vertical members that connect the rails. Wooden balustrades are subject to deterioration for a number of reasons, including exposed end grain from the manufacturing process and butt joints that are prone to moisture. Regular inspection and maintenance of a well-designed balustrade are the keys to continued care and preservation. A wooden balustrade in proper condition is rigid and free from decay, the GSA reminds us. It is designed with sloping surfaces to repel water and has properly caulked, tight joints. Exterior cast stone (i.e., concrete) balusters will have moisture problems if not designed and installed properly and if not routinely inspected. Balusters come in many shapes and sizes, and the quality of construction and thickness of the balusters neck may affect its integrity. The variables involved in manufacture are considerable, and it is wise to use a firm with experience in ornamental and custom work rather than a precast concrete firm which manufactures stock structural items, suggests preservationist Richard Pieper. The Case for Preservation: So, why preserve balustrades in public buildings or on your own home? Why not just cover them up, encase them in metal or plastic and protect them from environmental hazards? Balustrades and railings are not only practical and safety features, write preservationist John Leeke and architectural historian Aleca Sullivan, they typically are highly visible decorative elements. Unfortunately, balustrades and balusters are frequently altered, covered, removed or completely replaced even though in most cases they can be repaired in a cost-effective manner. Routine cleaning, patching, and painting will preserve all kinds of balustrades. Replacement should be a last resort only. To preserve historic fabric, the repair of old balustrades and railings is always the preferred approach, Leeke and Sullivan remind us. A broken baluster usually is one in need of repair, not replacement. Sources: Baluster, Illustrated Architecture Dictionary, Buffalo Architecture and History; Classical Comments: Balusters by Calder Loth, Senior Architectural Historian for the Virginia Department of Historic Resources; Securing An Exterior Wooden Balustrade, U.S. General Services Administration, November 5, 2014; Removing And Replacing Deteriorated Cast Stone Balusters, U.S. General Services Administration, December 23, 2014; Preserving Historic Wood Porches by Aleca Sullivan and John Leeke, National Park Service, October 2006; The Maintenance, Repair and Replacement of Historic Cast Stone by Richard Pieper, National Park Service, September 2001 [accessed December 18, 2016]

Conflict Between Research and Ethics Paper Essay

Conflict Between Research and Ethics Paper - Essay Example Thirty years have passed since the completion of Tuskegee Syphilis Study, however, the society is still horrified with the unethical treatment of minorities group under this study. Recently, President Bush has addressed the public with the speech in which he has apologized for the actions of medical professionals for shifting the health dangers to specific minority groups. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was conducted for forty years (1932-1972) with 400 poor and illiterate African Americans became part of it. This study has arisen many debates in society with the majority labeling it as unethical. First, the study was conducted without the proper care to its subjects and has resulted in the changes in how the patients are protected if they participated in medical researches. Second, not a single person has given an informed consent and was not informed about the diagnosis. These people who have agreed to participate were told that they have bad blood and are able to receive the free treatment (Gray, 1998). It is hardly possible for the similar situation to occur today because the research participants are not only protected by ethics, but by the law as well. Not a single study will start if the participants have not given the informed consent and are aware about all possible outcomes and side effects of acquired disease and treatment procedure. Of course, it is not always possible to predict all possible effects of the tested treatments and their impact on the human body (the medical research is conducted in the struggle to find out the more effective treatment), however, it is possible to predict some of the effects and the participants should be informed about them. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was the continuation of the Oslo Study (1928) with the only difference that Oslo study was retrospective - the health professionals have studied the patients who have already contracted syphilis and remained untreated for some time, while under Tuskegee study was prospective - the health professionals could observe and study the patients (nothing could be done therapeutically). Eventually the study has become the longest experiment on human beings in the medical history in the result of which 74 individuals have remained alive, 28 males have died directly because of syphilis, 100 died because of complications, 40 wives have been infected and 19 children were born with syphilis (Jones, 1993). It is obvious that the initial goal to benefit the society was not accomplished and the primary objective of all health professionals - do not harm - has been rudely violated. Dozens of healthy people have been infected intentionally and the harm made to their health and future lives cannot be underestimated. In the further investigation of the conducted research, many interesting details have become known to public. For example, in order to ensure that the patients will show up for the expected diagnosis, all of them have received the misleading letter promising the special free treatment. In addition, all of the participants had to undergo autopsy after death even though nothing was said about this requirement in the beginning. As the result, many of the patients did not receive the treatment they needed - health professionals just observed the fatal progression of the diseases - in other words, doctors observed whether their patients