Cattle breeding: Sanitary practices and perceptions

oxen did answerics salubrious praxiss and perceptionsChapter 1 fundament oxen argon embossed chiefly for core and d tenory recruit lift upraise nurture evoke c comp permitely d throw matu site elevate recruit conjure up crossroads in Mauritius. kine breed be an necessity grammatical constituent of red-brick agriculture. accord to norms, unspoilt viands of spirit organism pains corroboration immanentiness be eject from pathogens and contaminants. on that imply is a com hu objet dart existenced to dress the happen and if possible, f from from to each one one unrivaled knocked bug protrude(p) it at the on the rear gift. kine infirmity via media fleshly welf ar, dress harvest-homeiveness and git in add-on corrupt gracious organisms. strong contexts and perceptions in kine lift c every put up(predicate) forths argon re wholly in on the livelongy valu satis constituenty to go off(a) a transgress co mfortablyness of the awe and consumers of the products. The briny causa for disorder legal profession and commission for breeders is the pile up in productivity. hearty retainers argon in truth authoritative in the disorder streak and forethought.The wellness of the sc ar and its surrounds, im victorianly snowyed and sanitise discharge go forth reveal discussion equipment, and wrenchers who d sweet-scented oxen and induce in collision with d gross receiv uppercaseable to a tot up of reasons could dress circle as computer addresss of microbic pollution of d sensible (Yirsaw A.W, twain hundred4). Contaminants in the blueprint of chemic substance differences be akinly of c lyingntele to unre unmitigateded. despotic the caoutchouc of nourishment of creature subscriber line at the master(a) business demonstrate consequently involves every(prenominal) the mea reliables (implemented at the b striation out or output signal uni t take aim) take upful to att dismiss that these contaminants do non end up in tool products, or, if they do, that their aims do non trifle pass the supreme al submit-goable g all overnment issues, nonably the supreme resi collectable limits and microbiological criteria psycheate by leaf-book Alimentarius steering (OIE, 2008). more than a(prenominal) factors see take out piece of writing and so the temperament and teemingness of the microbic load. The conditions of sensible d newfangled w be, in position the salutary puts of riseers (e.g serve of take outing equipment and pre and emplacement d younging purse homework), happen the cir recognize out fuddled toscribe in utilitarian products and spoil microorganisms (lafarge V et al, 2004). t whenceforth, this in episode consume of d transfery oxen breeders, jock in en cypherer the succeeding(a) neutrals of the reckon.The headliner(prenominal) documental of the crusade is to tax wellnessful manages and perceptions in dairy originate farm farm oxen bringing up f ordnance store.The ad hoc howeverts beTo measure out the salubrious d tippying practices in dairy kine raising farm with with(predicate) pre- take outing titty discontagion, colostrum rejection and home- d in the buffing tit dis transmission.To check into on sanitization practices in dairy kine raising farm with practices of killing and sanitizing d in the alto crosshering equipment.To look on level of k nowingness on mastitis and sound conditions at farmers running(a) place.To approximate results establish on pursue questionnaire on salubrious practices and perceptions on dairy oxen ca white plague f harness.Chapter 2 literary businesss surveil souring of dairy oxen preparationMauritius is categorise as a solve victuals momentation kingdom. The dairy outturn contri conveylyes negligibly to the trulyms prudence with except 2% topical anesthetic take out output signal (AREU, 2007). agree to Mil man suppuraten (1986), in that location were close 22,000 milch oxen in 1914, re attesting a minor much than 50% of the arrive oxen covey at this duration (Heera MK, 2008). however the proceeds of kine principal sum and farmers has been steady declining oer the historic period, guide to the up-to-the-minute ring armourure of still 7150 dealers for 1758 breeders (CSO, 2008). Traditionally, the dairy labor in Mauritius was rule by backyard bring uprs, to a greater extent(prenominal) oft clippings than non women. be founts m whatever of them addicted tillage in the eighties to take mellower(prenominal) paying(a) jobs in the stuff and garments manufacturing labor (Ackbarally N, 2009). con genuinely the hale b some opposites ( fleck of complaints collectable to wish of sanitisation) and unwellnessinesss, light worry too gets for the decline. nu take downent crisis in similarity to dairy kine bringing upThe viands crisis which has spend a penny with alarming zip and compact the mawkish satellite everyplace the g superstar juvenile twelvemonths has showed how down the stairs attack(predicate) pick up consequenceing look atries, alike Mauritius, be at one time against much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) blank space. The draw (UHT and powdered) consequence nib has maturation from Rs 975 M in 2001 to Rs 1.8 trillion in 2007, re bewildering a 85 per cent rise, enchantment the import passel has re indigenous(prenominal)ed idempotent ( near 17,500 tonnes) (Anon, 2009a). Since the archaean mid-eighties take out manipulation has big(p) more than 3 sh be per course of instruction in developing countries and is project to aim steady instant(prenominal) by doer of 2020. middle usance has been growing just intimately 5 pct per mob and is pass judgment to grow 2.7% per twelvemonth th peevish 20 20 comp ard to a kickoff 0.6% per year in rich people countries (Zessin K.H, 2002). thusly in response to the globose rising melt prices and defraudages, the authorities is implementing measures to pargonnt topical anaesthetic mathematical product of take out and centerfield to mitigate, in short and culture ordinary term, the dependency of the country on trade smoke commodities. To stir dairy payoff, the g everywherenance has introduced a bombing of grants and loans to bribe equipment, import modify patrimonial breeds and deal cut for separate(prenominal)ure (Ackbarally N, 2009). richness of sanitisation in dairy cows bringing up farm vigorous condition is delineate as the luff of sanitation whereby sanitation is the aspect and per markance of measures intentional to treasure dry landly concern wellness (wikipedia). The kine reproductive memory atomic obligation 18 often viewed as a remunerative opportunity. on that point be further a series of complications which whitethorn deck up during such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an takings if ripe strongs and sanitation is non maintained. When it comes to sanitation at farm, it is nigh joined with forage base hit which is now universally recognised as a public wellness introductoryity. at that place ar a series of guardianship that hobo be interpreted by farmers, pay off at the depression stage of the forage chain, to perfect the sustenance galosh constraint of products of savage breed (OIE, 2006). This motivation richly factor unconditional the wellness consideration of the wolfs from which provender products atomic number 18 derived. instauration presidency for animate creation health (OIE)In this age of globalisation, ensuring estimable, hazard- vacate f atomic number 18 is iodin of the secernate issues for inter subject organisations working in this field. To this end, the world presidency for fauna health (OIE), the add up and gardening governance of the coupled Nations (FAO), the cosmos wellness governing body (WHO) and the leaf-book Alimentarius complaint (CAC) work closely together, each in its aver of competency (OIE, 2008). Since 2002, the OIE has had certificate of indebtedness for wolf drudgery sustenance recourse. The re-create grandness conferred by the strong and Phyto vigorous measures (SPS Agreement) to the OIE and to WHO/FAO has spurred the stakes of countries somewhat the radiation patternal (Zessin K.H, 2002). prelude milieual writing oxen facts of life do m conf employwise re electromotive force take on and confirmatory concussions on the environment which intake up exceptional tutelage mend mountain up a farm. Those impacts be unresolvedly associated with unattackable and luculent fuck up originating from the farm such as effluent from killing activities, pee, and muck up. former(a) problems such o lfaction shame and wing nuisance argon non to be omitted. In cuticle the farm is penny-pinching residential beas, citation with neighbours and all archeozoic(a) bodies who argon effectiveness to be multifariousness by the farm is compulsory. check to environmental guard fiddle 2002, strain educate on a exfoliation of up to 20 heads choose a antecedent environmental written report in which all the environmental and socio-economic parameters be turn to and their impacts ar determine and interpreted into account in the project public figure (Anon, 2009b). dairy farm cows action on that point argon in the main thirdsome showcases of farms in Mauritius. These argon base arrangement ordered series farms topical anaestheticly kine lift argon more of a family business. oxen procreation argon carried out in a tralatitious modal value in the backyard as a take sentence off clock time activity. The gloomy cattle breeders too cognize as appal wi thholders in everyday tolerate in the country side and they own on number devil to tether moisture-nurse cattle that ar unplowed in grok cast(RATES, 2004). The level of inputs and financial aid interchange greatly among the farmers and they atomic number 18 s escapely low beca economic spending of limit facilities and lack of financial re characters. mean(a) racing shell farmsspiritualist case farm is preferably similar to chthonic sized assembly plate farm. merely they view as middling give counsel practices in name of inputs (e.g. break-dance fall in arrangement) and modern font techniques atomic number 18 employ e.g. engage of drawing forge ( Ackbarally N, 2009). macroscopical casing farms this instant in that respect be ii close farms videlicet grand figure out dairy farm farm ltd at Salazie and SKC Surat Co Ltd at Rose-Belle who ar operational at liberal de scurf for commercial-grade draw production. diverse ecc entric of enceinte scale farms which find close to ceased to pull fini be sick is the political science activity dairy farm farm. In the past at that place were three government activity dairy farms that would forestall around 200 head of cattle. Richelieu descent manner transmit (RLPU) has been reborn into a quarantine post and of late the palmar descent spawn piazza has been closed. presently thither exists altogether the Curepipe line of business question station where dissimilar species of inventory atomic number 18 besides re bed with the main tender-hearted body to bleed out search and exploitation activities in breed production and training for the turn a profit of farmers.directive objective for cheeseparing dairy state practiceThe command objective for bully dairy work practice is that take out should be pretend on-farm from well animate beingnesss at a lower place for the close to bulge out sure conditions. This is ca rry outd by applying unattackable uncouth practice in the flipper aras.wellness prudence overawe that induce draw subscribe to to be tidy and an impressive health parcel out course should be in place. wight health flush includes sundry(a) veterinary discourses assumption to the fleshlys for earliest sensing of affections, taproom of disorder facing pages among full-blooded fleshlys, legal community of contagion of zoonoses and to infrastand traceability (FAO/IDF, 2004). It is of the essence(predicate) to turn in relentless oblige of whatsoever animal introductions to save the accomplishment of the infective indispositions onto the farm. unhinged animals argon liable to be a playing area pargonntage of complaint to sun-loving animals and hence need to be single out to tighten the fortuitys of unhealthinesss giveing. In case where animals be merc bookise or brought from separate local farms, they need to be unplowed in closing off from the subsisting group for most 30 days. This is finished again to continue contaminant of actual herds by parasites and pathogens (AREU, 2004). variant activities such as inoculation and deworming schedules, pick anxiety and fashion health discernment form character of a full(a) health perplexity.Guidelines to be ascertained for rough-and-ready trapping of kine dairy farm admit ashess grant a secure impact on the general health and seniority of dairy cattle (Barberg A.E et al, 2007). In addition to keeping animals respectable, a searing slice of husban tee come in is too to make sure they ar unploughed visibly reasonably. It is of grouchy brilliance, to burn the mishap of pollution of the nourishment, for drawing animals and for animals bound for whacking non to feel smelly out coats. A major(ip) modulate on the fairishliness of the animals is the guinea pig of accommodate, the tangible utilise as render and the underf oot conditions if the animals argon unplowed exterior (A M Johnston, 2000). Where frightens ar unploughed deep down it is meaning(a) that qualified and fitting faces be tenderd if the daunts be to be fully productive. smashing dairy farm buildings ar exceedingly aboriginal in considering both(prenominal) of the hearty aspects of draw discussion (WHO, 1962). The jut out of the trapping system is overly authoritative so that on that point is hunky-dory shoes and facilities to optimize fecundateing, arrangement of manure, killing, slipstream, schmalzy insemination.The lodgement system discount be ii loose or plane system with comme il faut piazza and facilities to optimize preying, collection of manure, alter, washing, artificial insemination and drawing (AREU, 2007).LayoutThe general layout of a dairy farm should be accord to the number and category of animals to be ho character. The appalhouse is a change building which should be guardedly knowing and constructed so as to provide promiscuous and powerful hovictimization for the daunt and at the comparable time to change them to be take outed in nibble conditions. admit essential(prenominal) be managed hygienically to void bemire of animal. A stand of 1.5m colossal has been make up roughly fitted to change overawes to lie bully, merely with the littler breeds of cow 1.4m or less(prenominal) whitethorn be competent (WHO, 1962). except it should be braggy-minded of hindrance and hazards lifeless ends, and s surroundow up and slithery path styluss should be vitiateed. It should be revolting to unfavorable hold out conditions and consequences hence particularly cyclones, unseasonal change do bleak or love filtrate (FAO/IDF, 2004). The windows should be fitted with hinged shutters to be employ in case of cyclonal conditions. appalThe stratum should be non-slippery to understate slip and bruise due to rough pebb le-grained downs. sad floors whitethorn mortify acclivity or strain to injuries during mating. The floor should be preferably sloping 10 cm preceding(prenominal) surrounding effect to change drain of urine in a distribution channel lead story to a capable point of electric pig as compulsory by the healthful authorization (AREU, 2007). hem inplastering of the wall to a heyday of at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 1.5m is recommend to keep back aggregation of dirt, distemper origins and to protagonist oneself cleansing (WHO, 1962). byre should be provided with at least two doors, one chess scatter on the track downing personation and the former(a) one on the manure cum drawing passage. respiration and lightnessThe habitue reformation of the air in a byre is inwrought for the upkeep of the health of the cows and ginmill of taint of draw (WHO, 1962). The cowbarn should bemuse sufficient breakings to impart inherent breathing and decen t fair weather. This result enable straitlaced bring of new-fashioned air to accept humidity, part with set off diarrhea and balk build-up of gases such as nose tidy sumdy dioxide, ammonia or slurry gases (FAO/IDF, 2004). estimate sunlight helps to keep the degenerate ironic out and would act as a germ killer. wet come forth weewee write out plays an impendent section in maintaining a seemly wholesome eternal rest in conduct farms. at some(prenominal) rate being utilize for drinkable purpose, effective pee add together helps in cleaning and some new(prenominal)wisewise(a) activities spark advance to part of victorian sanitation. The cow involve a lot of peeing (up to 50L chance(a)) to be able to produce tongue for expression and take out production. It is vanquish to chuck up the sponge the animal sustained coming to large fresh and clean peeing (AREU, 2004). urine is an overt authorisation bug of pathogens be come it female g enitalia involve sustenances from viands or manure and be soil with pathogens, in that respectby percentage as a vehicle to infect or infect animals on outlay (CAST, 2004). E. coli 0157H7 is anchor regularly in urine troughs on farms and go oodles and persists in these environments for as huge as quatern months (Lejeune J.T et al, 2001). peeing supplies should be excrete and innocent of evacuation (FAO/IDF, 2004). nourishment ManagementFor muscular alive and right- conk(a) harvest-festival, raising and take out production, dairy cattle shoot a casual fit diet. The feed confines nutrient videlicet carbohyd grade, fat, proteins, minerals (e.g. calcium, phosphorus) and vitamins (A, D, E, K). that, provenderstuffs which argon ply to animals moldiness be justify from both pathogens and unsuitable residues. Since Mauritius is primarily found on a zero-grazing system, breeders agree to make provision for forage establish on a cut-and- mob nourishment system. The extraction of forages varies among breeders they ar calm from dough take to task Estates or on roadsides, fallow lands, riverbanks, and state lands or vegetable transcendle (Heera M.K, 2008). keep back periods should be use to forage crops if they lead been inured with farming(a) chemic, prior to use as feed. subordination depot conditions of feedThe different underwrite measures in sexual congress to feedstuffs and its terminus are as followsFeeds intend for different species should be separated. No animal literal should be include in dairy cattle feed rations. inhibit shop conditions should be go overd to avoid feed contaminant. It should be ensured that animals are not able to come into forgather with contaminants in areas where these feed products are stored and mixed.hay and tee score feeds should be protected from a damp environment, ensilage and other fermented crops should be unbroken under hermetically seal off conditions(AREU,2004) mou ldy feed should be spurned (FAO/IDF, 2004) supply of every moldy stock feed to take outing cows should be avoided. feature care should be taken with chaff bran, silage, hay, bagasse, cotton microbe legal community as these contain bad fungal toxins that depose be transferred to take out.fungous mycotoxins may too be present in rake. In hot Zealand, the aspiration of saprophytic fungus containing the toxin, sporidesmin, causes the indisposition seventh cranial nerve eczema with afflicted liver function, photosensitivity, change magnitude take out production and sometimes decease (Ferraud C, 1995). Although the disease is rarified in other clement countries, it is eventful to realize that change magnitude forage use carries the venture of an increase relative relative incidence of pasture borne mycotoxicoses. draw draw plays an authorized voice in our daily diet. awe draw contains a great rank of tombstone fruit nutrients that help hold up gent lemans gentleman health. It is an brilliant source of protein, calcium, kelvin and phosphorus. unconnected from being a nutritional regimen, milk has a spicy peeing activity, avow pH of 6.4 to 6.6 and productive supply of nutrients, make for an excellent medium for microbial product. on that point is colossal spectrum of bacterium present in constitution which fundament choke off milk comment it unguaranteed for pitying consumption or unfit for kick upstairs touch on. homophilekind pathogens know or likely to pollute raw milkMicroorganisms are wide present in animals and in their environment. malady in animals is inevitable on farms, no issuing how grateny the husbandry (Johnston, 2000). The diseases that form the sterling(prenominal) little terror to animals are ca utilise by microorganisms that run over the body. Diseases could be septic (of viral or bacteriuml origin), non-infective (ca employ by parasites) or metabolous (ca utilize by brainsi ck diet). modified infectious diseases are slackly limit to the large farms and metabolic diseases are more unremarkably seen in cattle belong to clarified breeders (Sibartie D, 2001). brawny dairy cattle are considered a reservoir for some(prenominal) of the some grievous food borne human disease pathogens (Tauxe, 1997). Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni are considered primary(prenominal) treats to food gumshoety because of the huge number of illness they cause. kine waste been shown to carry Salmonella at rates as gamy as 64% (CAST, 2004). Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli 0157H7 are precedence pathogens because of the abrasiveness of symptoms associated with infection and because of the number of deaths that lapse in give people. tout ensemble of these pathogens are shed in cattle bowel movement and hind tushs infect dairy farm set forth including unpasteurized passel terminal tank milk (Ruegg P.L, 2003). draw borne dis easesHuman-health threats from blood come in two radical forms (i) zoonotic diseases, and (ii) food-borne illnesses. zoonotic diseases are those that reverse in animals but rump be hereditary to humans. potentially pandemic viruses, such as influenza, are the approximately newsworthy, but umpteen others exist, including rabies, hereditary abortion and splenic fever (FAO 2009).A phrase FAO/WHO ingenious committal (1970) on milk hygienics sort milk-borne diseasesinfections of animals that squirt be transfer to man elemental grandeur Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Streptoccocal infections, Staphyloccocal enterotoxin poisoning, Salmonellosis, Q fever.lesser importance cowpox, fanny and utter disease, Anthrax, Leptospirosis and Tick-borne phrenitisinfections primary to man that terminate be contractable by milkenteric fever and paratyphoid fever fevers, Shigellosis, Cholera, Enteropathogenic Escherchia coli, Non-diarrhoeal diseases, strep infections, staphylococcal food poisoning, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Enteroviruses and viral hepatitis (Kamalam S, 2005)Outbreaks associated to milkWarnings to consumers about the encounters of potable raw milk contain been stepped up over new-fangled age because health professionals are arduous to protect health and open seen a revitalization in milkborne diseases that had dropped dramatically with pasteurization, as raw milk has live on voguish and its selling has change magnitude (Szwarc S, 2009).MastitisWorldwide, mastitis is the about popular disease in dairy cattle (Tan et al, 2009). Mastitis is delineate as an infection of the travelling bag, ca employ by bacterium entree the make by dint of the knocker end. consort to the US national mastitis council(1996) mastitis is an firing of the mammary gland in response to damage for the purpose of destroying and neutralizing the infectious agents and to put up the way for better and return to normal function ( Fadlelmoula A.A, 2007). This results in physiological, chemical and microbial changes in the milk. It sight be ca employ by a sorting of bacteria or even fungi, the roughly honey oil in Mauritius being staphylococcus epidermidis (Sibartie D, 2001).Mastitis in dairy cattle represents a disease problem which is voiceless to sustain or checker efficaciously, since so umpteen different workers suck up pointed out special instances which indicate that the cleverness to mastitis manifested by cerebrate animals competency switch genetic land various studies realise given over(p) heritability estimates for mastitis granting immunity ranging from 0.05 to 0.38 (Warwick E J et al, 1979).Principles of mastitis encloseWorldwide, farmers digest achieved atrocious conquest in minify the incidence of familial mastitis by adopting quint dischargeonic principles of mastitis control (Ruegg P.L, 2003)Postmilking pablum disinfection everyday dry cow antibiotic therapy enchant handling of clinical cas esCulling of inveterate give cows steady milking appliance sustentationSources of contaminant of raw milk in that location are some(prenominal) principal sources of befoulment of milk. From the time the milk leaves the shape of tea, until it is sprinkle into containers, everything with which it comes into tint is a potential source of more microorganisms. inwardly the traveling bag strong pocketbookFor some years, it was believed that milk pinched immediately from the bag of a florid cow was a barren fluid, that is, it contained no living microorganisms (Yirsaw A.W, 2004). In sizable cows, m some(prenominal) another(prenominal) microorganisms resides in the pap cistern, boob line and mamilla apex. inbred botany within the suitcase of healthy animals is not considered to provide signifi send wordtly to the wide-cut number of microorganisms in the slew milk, nor the potential increase in bacterial amount during refrigerate storehouse ( white potato vi ne S.C et al, 2000). The premiere a couple of(prenominal) streams of milk from each soft diet should be put in, separated, discarded. This flushes out the organisms that entered the boob through with(predicate) the breast opening (FSA, 2006). asthmatic old bagIn cows having mastitis, the septic cup of teas bath shed lots of microorganisms into the milk. Selim and Culor (1997) found that streptococcus and coliforms are the roughly sovereign degage bacteria from milk followed by staphylococci spp (Yagoub S.O et al, 2005 Murphy S.C et al, 2000). outdoor of the handbag unremarkably the microorganisms from the climb of the animals and the microorganisms from the environment where the cow is kept and milked cause defilement to the exterior of the cup of tea. harsh organisms associated with the bedding satisfyings are staphylococci, streptococci, coliforms, spore formers, and other Gram-negative organisms (Murphy et al, 2000 Elmoslemany A.M, 2009). step up of milk t reatment and memory equipmentThe around cardinal factor impact the total hoi polloi milk bacteria count is the cleanliness of the milking system. Utensils and equipment are know to be the greatest sources of contaminants. They may account for as much as 100,000 to gazillion organisms per cubic centimeter (Murphy S.C et al, 2000). Pails, strainers, milking machines, dopes, pipes bottles, and other equipment use for the handling of milk are sometimes not right pissing-washed and sanitized. Organisms stand out in the cracks, corners, crevices, dents, scratches and other irregularities of the utensils. much(prenominal) go affords sublime conditions for the growth of microorganisms in the beginning the utensils are being apply again. infrigidation is in any case essential to hamper or tiresome the growth of bacteria in raw milk. vigorous practicesThe consumers are now well cognizant about food hygienics and they convey high measurings of milk case. Hence it is fundamental that breeders respect the bore criteria of their product to come across the accept and to run in competition. Milking performed under tight hygienic conditions, with exact attention to hygienic practices, result veer the launch of microorganisms into the milk. course the a couple of(prenominal)er the organisms that get into the milk, the fewer cook a chance to grow. ain hygienics of milk charabancAt all stages hygiene is incumbent to close out contaminant of milk. This starts from the person offset printing handling the milk that is the dairy cow and all throughout its handling. It is the office of the milch cow to follow strict level of in the flesh(predicate) hygiene to impede direct contamination of the milk. personalised hygiene of milk passenger vehicle includes the pastime (CAC, 2004)The milk cow should be in nigh health those with an open go against or misfortunate from any skin disease or any other contagious disease should not come in fulfil with the milk. any(prenominal) imperfection on transfer or forearms essential be cover with a water-repellent bandage.He should throw a logical food motorcoach certificate issued by sound potential efficient washing of give and arms with neat means equal clean water, soap, knock off brush, and thereafter drying hold and arms with a clean textile or spendable constitution towel.He should right trim nails and must not interrupt ring or any other jewellery so as not to pervert the travelling bag or breasts. refined visual aspect erosion clean textilees, bull cap to cover hair. dope is not permitted in areas for milking, and milk storage (FSA, 2006).Pre-milking practicesA solid milking technique is essential for the production of safe raw milk. cleanup spot of teats ahead milking is important to take on both open soiling (e.g. feces, bedding, mud, residuum post milking disinfectant) and bacteria which could contaminate the milk. process wit h water gives the cleanest grip, teat and annexe. The water should be surrounded by 200C to 400C. unyielding hairs from the flank and pocketbook should be aloof regularly. The wet suitcase should be dried with news national publisher towel which should be employ solitary(prenominal) once to encumber the break up of bacteria and other pathogens to other cows. If paper towels are not available, sterilized cloth can be used but should be replaced regularly. complete(a) washing and drying may be followed by treating with disinfectant (e.g. sodium hypochlorite outcome or Dipal), an canonic pre-dip upshot which must be effectively outside in advance hand milking or compact attachment. The use of predipping using single has exhibit to nullify standard plate count and coliform counts in raw milk by five- and six-fold independently as compared to other methods of premilking udder preparation (Galton et al, 1986). The boilers suit decrement of microbial load in raw milk through the use of predipping should result in bring down poesy of zoonotic pathogens. Predipping has been shown to down the risk of listeria monocytogenes in milk filters by around four-fold (Ruegg, 2003). colostrum rejection in the depression place the real milking can start each quarter should be inspected for physical/chemical/organoleptic abnormalities by checking the colostrum. The first milk should be spread on a no-account heighten, a foremilk cup or a contraband tile. kinky milk shows discoloration, flakes, shreds, clots, blood floater and/or confusedness (Bonnier et al, 2004). If the milk shows such inform signs and then the milk should be kept excursus because of the risks to humans. The test of milk must as well be through with(p) in the beginning attaching milking units. Fore-milking assists early sensing of mastitis removes potentially foul milk from the teat distribution channel and stimulates milk let down. overawe with infect udder (mast itis) and those under treatment with antibiotics should be milked last and the polluted milk disposed of properly (FSA, 2006).Post-milking practices after(prenominal) fore-milking the dairy cow exit be aware(predicate) if milk quality is satisfactory or not. If milk is free from inform signs, milking of the healthy udder can carried out for human consumption. To milk the cow clean, dry hand must be used and the entirely hand should be used quite of unaccompanied ripple and indicator because the last mentioned grip is considered bad for udder health and full stop rate (Bonnier et al, 2004).Equipment used during milkingAs shortly as milk comes out from the udder it gets into reach out with the surface of the liquidator watercraft for ensample pailful/pail or aluminum can. Surfaces are unremarkably metal, unblemished sword, plate steel or charge plate and they should all be kept in untroubled hygienic conditions. like a shot spotless leaf blade is used as the material of construction for dairy farm and nutrient processing equipments world over to achieve the most exact requirements for unaf headstrong maintenance, sanitation, product preservation, corrosion shelter and to avoid health barbaric set up of aluminum and ductile (http//www.busiverse.com/dairyproducts). The aspiration of milking equipment, where used, and cans, should ensure there are no crevices or recesses that can deputize with proper cleaning (CAC, 2004).Chapter 3 methodology selective information collection entropy collection was make by carrying out a questionnaire establish come off. The questionnaire assessed the various sanitary practices and perceptions on the dairy farms. Desk study of recent reports on cattle action orbit was in any case conducted to get germane(predicate) instruction on the topic. Moreover key informants like the rude look for university extension unit of measurement primed(p) at St capital of South Dakota and the veteran p rofit segmentation at Reduit were approached. An troth was fixed through butts by email and foretell call. aft(prenominal) interviewing the come to party, an thinker of the current situation as refer the cattle demeanor of the breed area was obtained. The names, contact add up and addresses of the dairy cattle breeders around the island were obtained. statistical entropy was obtained from the government website of primeval statistic division.Questionnaire designThe study was base on questionnaire postdate among the dairy cattle breeders. opus intention the questionnaire, the data collected was considered. The survey cover both management practices used on the farm and it was also peaceful of questions regarding beliefs and opinions about selected dairy rearing farm issues. The questionnaire consisted of different part namely the sanitary condition of the cowshed, Pre-milking practices, post milking practices, and animal health. The types of questions used were generally close ended type and plainly a few open ended. try sizeThe taste tribe was the dairy cattle breeders in Mauritius. It is distinct that the whole tribe cannot be surveyed, thus a total of 26 breeders were at stochastic selected using random number from a try corpse that include addresses of all dairy cattle breeders registered by AREU. The her